《风景园林》2023-02刊首语 | 张佐双：守正创新——高质量建设植物园

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第2期 P8-9

守正创新——高质量建设植物园

Upholding Fundamental Principles While Breaking New Ground: Establishing a First-Rate Botanical Garden

2021年10月12日，中国在生物多样性公约第15次缔约方大会领导人峰会上宣布启动国家植物园体系建设。国家植物园和华南国家植物园于2022年相继在北京和广州挂牌，这是中国植物园建设的里程碑。

目前，全世界有3 000多个植物园，中国的植物园有近200个。植物园的定义、植物园的使命，以及植物园的主要任务，随着时代发展而变化。不同区域、不同隶属的植物园建设侧重点也不一样，但是每个植物园都应有植物研究、植物收集和保护、植物展示和教育，以及植物利用等方面内容。

植物园与其他公园、绿地等的主要区别在于其是否有植物学研究，植物园的研究又与农、林、园艺等学科不一样，植物园是植物多样性科学研究的中心。目前生物多样性在全球遭到大规模破坏，如果不采取措施，在未来一代人的时期内，全世界30余万种的植物中将有近10万种惨遭灭绝。这种情况下，全球植物园承担了植物迁地保育的主要任务，被誉为免遭植物灭绝的“挪亚方舟”。

植物园以活植物收集为基础的研究，不仅覆盖了分类学、比较生态学、解剖学、胚胎学、系统进化学、植物化学、遗传化学等学科，还包括植物资源保护、植物经济效益评估等内容。植物园的科学研究特点是具有较强的综合性、边缘性和长期性，并与其他学科有交叉。发掘植物的经济价值，并使之成为新的产业的过程较长，有些成果需要几代人的奋斗努力。只讲保护不讲利用不是植物园兴旺发达之路，世界上植物园所发现的植物应用成果一直以来在服务人类方面发挥着非常重要的作用。

植物园是活植物博物馆，科学普及工作是植物园的重要功能之一。植物是人类赖以生存的基础，植物园需要将“保护植物就是保护人类自己，保护植物就是保护生物多样性”的重要理念广泛宣传给广大人民群众，让人们更加热爱植物、保护植物，让我们的社会和地球能可持续地发展。

植物园有为游人提供旅游、休息、娱乐服务的功能，全世界的植物园每年能接待上亿游客。但植物园又不同于公园、庭园和城镇绿地，它是展示人与自然和谐共生的窗口。

北京植物园首届主任俞德浚院士在1955年编著的《植物园工作手册》中提到植物园日常工作的6个方面：试验研究、采集调查、栽培繁殖、种苗交换、文化服务、教育服务。俞德浚院士在担任中国植物引种驯化学会会长期间就明确了植物园引种驯化记录的“六有”：第一要有引种年代、来源和编号及产地记录；第二要有正确的中名和学名；第三要有种植图和名牌；第四要有完整的物候记录；第五要有引种植物详细的形态特征、生物学特性记载和分析资料；第六要有照片、种子标本、腊叶标本和栽培技术资料。做不到这“六有”，植物园的科学研究将是“无源之水，无本之木”。这是植物园建设的“守正”。

如今的植物园研究已经上升到一门学科：植物园学。吴征镒院士为贺善安等编著的《植物园学》写的书评中写道：“从本书内容可以认识到植物园的主要任务和目的，是要把任何地区（乃至全球），任何类群（乃至尽可能多的类群）的活植物集中起来，把‘植口’科学登记起来，有效地保存下来，尽可能美妙地展示出来，首先让它们在特定的环境中活下来，繁衍下去，进而从中发现和利用这些物种资源乃至种质资源，保存下来，发展出去。这是一个无穷大的事业，我们就是要‘以有涯道无涯’，首先就要让它形成一个学科，而这个学科的‘涯岸’就是本书各章的界定和所叙述的内容。”吴院士对《植物园学》的评论，为我们今后植物园的高质量发展指明了方向，并指出应将“植物引种驯化，新品种培育等”应用研究作为植物园科学研究的主要内容。

过去植物园的功能被归纳为植物的研究、保护、展示、科普4个方面。贺善安等在《植物园学》中增加了植物园的第5个功能——植物的开发利用。陈封怀先生在1965年全国植物园庐山会议上提出将“科学的内容，园林（艺术）的外貌”作为植物园建设的宗旨。贺善安等在《植物园学》中也为植物园增加了一个新的宗旨——文化的展示，即文化是植物园的灵魂。

中国被誉为“园林之母”，植物园在弘扬讲好中国植物的故事史实、宣传中国植物的特色、推进“一带一路”建设、保护生物多样性，落实生态文明的工作中具有重要意义。新时代植物园的建设应结合互联网+植物园，建设智慧植物园，这是植物园建设的“创新”。

植物园建设必须按照“世界眼光、国际标准，中国特色，高点定位”高质量发展。

On October 12, 2021, China announced the launch of the ‘National Botanical Garden’ system at the summit of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 15). In the following year, China National Botanical Garden and the South China National Botanical Garden were inaugurated in Beijing and Guangzhou respectively, marking an important milestone in the history of Chinese botanical gardens.

At present, there are more than 3,000 botanical gardens in the world, and 200 of them are in China. The definition, mission and tasks of botanical gardens changes over time, and the focus of botanical gardens in different regions also varies. Nevertheless, every botanical garden should integrate plant research, plant collection and protection, plant exhibition and education, as well as plant applications into its operations.

Botanical gardens serve as the center of scientific research on botany, plant diversity and horticulture, amongst others. It is this function that sets it apart from public parks. The research content of botanical gardens is also different from that of other related disciplines such as agriculture, forestry and horticulture. Currently, biodiversity has been destructed on a large scale around the world. If no measures are taken, nearly 100,000 plants of more than 300,000 species in the world will be extinct in the era of next generation. In this case, global botanical gardens undertake the major task of ex situ conservation of plant germplasm, so they are known as the “Noah’s Ark” against plant extinction.

The research based on the collection of living plants in botanical gardens covers disciplines including not only taxonomy, comparative ecology, anatomy, embryology, systematic chemistry, phytochemistry, genetic chemistry, etc., but also the protection of plant germplasm resources, economic assessment and seed banks. The scientific research of botanical gardens is characterized by its strong comprehensiveness, marginality and long-term nature, as well as its intersection with other disciplines. It will take a long time and process to discover useful plants and develop them into new industries. Some achievements require the efforts of several generations. Protection without application is not a prosperous way for the sustainable development of botanical gardens. The plant application achievements found in the botanical gardens worldwide have always played a very important role in serving human beings.

Botanical gardens are museums of living plants, and the popularization of scientific knowledge is one of the important functions of botanical gardens. Plants are the basis for human survival, and botanical gardens should widely promote the important concept of “protecting plants is to protect human beings and biodiversity” to the general public, thus making people love plants and protect plants, and promoting the sustainable development of our society and earth.

Botanical gardens have the function of providing tourists with places of sightseeing, rest and entertainment. Botanical gardens around the world receive hundreds of millions of tourists every year. However, botanical gardens are different from parks, gardens and urban green spaces. They are the windows for people and thousands of plant species to show the harmonious coexistence of people and nature.

Academician Yu Dejun, the first director of Beijing Botanical Garden, compiled the Work Manual of Botanical Gardens in 1955, in which six aspects of the botanical garden’s daily work are mentioned: experimental research, collection and investigation, cultivation and propagation, seedling exchange, cultural service, and Education Service. Academician Yu Dejun, during his tenure as the president of China Plant Introduction and Domestication Society, determined the “Six ‘should’” of the introduction and domestication records in the botanical garden: 1) There should be the introduction date, source, number and origin record; 2) There should be correct Chinese names and scientific names; 3) There should be planting plans and name tags; 4) There should be complete phenological records; 5)There should be detailed biological characteristic records and analysis data; 6) There should be photos, seed specimens, dehydrated specimens and plant cultivation technical data. Without these rules, the scientific research of botanical gardens will be “water without a source and trees without roots”. This is “upholding fundamental principles” for botanical garden construction.

The research on botanical garden today has advanced to form a discipline: Phytohortology. Academician Wu Zhengyi wrote in the book review of Phytohortology authored and compiled by He Shan’an et al. that “from the content of this book, we can learn that the main task and purpose of botanical gardens is to gather the living plants in any region (even the world) from any group (as many groups as possible), register “plant population”, effectively preserve them, and exhibit them as beautifully as possible. We should first let them live and reproduce in specific environments, and then discover and utilize these species and even germplasm resources, preserve them and develop them. This is an extremely big undertaking. Science has no boundaries but we can start from a certain field of knowledge with boundary. First of all, we need to form a discipline, and the “boundary” of this discipline means the definitions and content described in each chapter of this book.” Academician Wu’s comments on Phytohortology pointed out the direction for the high-quality development of botanical gardens in the future, and took the application research of “plant introduction and domestication, new variety cultivation, etc.” as the main content of botanical garden research.

In the past, the functions of botanical gardens were summarized into four parts: plant research, protection, exhibition and popularization of science. He Shan’an et al. added the fifth function in Phytohortology, which is development. At the National Botanical Garden Conference held in Lushan in 1965, Mr. Chen Fenghuai proposed that “scientific content and the appearance of landscape (art)” should be the essential aim of the construction of botanical gardens. He Shan’an et al. added a new aim in Phytohortology — the demonstration of culture, which means that culture is the soul of botanical gardens.

China is known as the “mother of gardens”. Botanical gardens are of great significance in carrying forward the stories and historical facts of Chinese plants, publicizing the characteristics of Chinese plants, promoting the construction of the Belt and Road, protecting biodiversity, and implementing ecological civilization. The construction of botanical gardens in the new era should combine botanical gardens with Internet to build smart botanical gardens. This is “breaking new ground” for botanical garden construction.

The construction of botanical gardens must be developed with high quality in accordance with the principle of having “global vision, international standard, Chinese characteristics, and high positioning”.

教授级高级工程师、

中国植物学会植物园分会原会长、

北京植物园（国家植物园北园）原园长：张佐双

Zhang Zuoshuang, Professorate Senior Engineer

Erstwhile President, Botanical Garden Branch of Botanical Society of China 

Erstwhile Director, Beijing Botanical Garden 

(North Garden of China National Botanical Garden)

2022年12月8日

December 8, 2022

完整深度阅读请参看《风景园林》2023年2期

扫描下方二维码或点击阅读原文进入店铺购买

微信编辑 刘芝若

微信校对 李清清

审核 曹娟

声明

本文版权归本文作者所有

未经允许禁止转载

如需转载请与后台联系

欢迎转发